Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Cigarette and Marijuana Smoke in Nigeria: Ecological, Health, and Female Reproductive Risks Assessment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63747/jeis.v1i2.39Keywords:
Smoking machine, Potentially toxic elements, Ecological risk, Human health riskAbstract
This study successfully quantified the ecological and health risks associated with cigarette and marijuana smoking by carrying out analysis on five samples of common cigarette and marijuana smoke brands. Findings showed that the mean concentration of Fe, As, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co and Ni in cigarettes were 1.5, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0 and 2.5 times higher than marijuana mean concentration respectively. Generally, the mean concentrations of PTEs in marijuana smoke followed the trend: Zn > As > Mn > Ni > Cd > Cu > Fe > Cr > Co > Pb. Similarly, the mean concentrations of PTEs in cigarette smoke followed the trend: Zn > As > Mn > Cu > Fe > Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Cd. Enrichment factor estimates indicated an extremely high enrichment for both cigarette and marijuana samples for all PTEs except Pb in the marijuana sample which was found to be below the detectable limit. Geo-accumulation index results showed that the samples are practically uncontaminated. However, Cd indicated uncontaminated to moderately-contaminated in 80% of the marijuana samples. A similar trend was observed by contamination factor, all PTEs have a low contamination factor except for Cd which has a moderate contamination factor in 100% of the marijuana samples. Out of all studied PTEs, the NIPI and NIRI of Cd were the highest and are both consistent with other pollution indices (EF, Igeo, Cf, and ERI). The HI for children and adults from both marijuana and cigarette smoke for all potentially toxic elements was within the safe limit (HI < 1). However, children are at greater risk compared to adults. Among the five analyzed PTEs, Cd has the highest carcinogenic risks for marijuana smokes while As was found to have the highest carcinogenic risks for cigarette smoke. Ingestion pathway (CRing) was found to be responsible for 99.84% and 97.04% for children and adults respectively for both marijuana and cigarette smoke.
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