Review of Autonomous Nocturnal Animal Scarers: Emerging Technologies, Effectiveness, and Future Directions

Authors

  • Folasade Durodola Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
  • Samuel Owoeye
  • Eniola Omotoso
  • Amos Adeyemo
  • Habeeb Opayomi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63747/jeis.v1i2.29

Keywords:

Animal deterrent, smart agriculture, autonomous scarecrow, ultrasonic repellent, laser deterrence

Abstract

Nocturnal animal intrusion poses a persistent threat to agricultural productivity, leading to significant pre-harvest losses across the globe. Traditional methods of deterrence such as scarecrows, firecrackers, or reflective tapes have shown limited and diminishing effectiveness due to habituation and their static nature. In response, researchers and technologists have developed various autonomous systems that leverage artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision, sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures to offer dynamic, adaptable, and often non-lethal deterrent mechanisms. This review critically examines recent academic contributions on autonomous nocturnal animal scarers. Each study is explored in detail with respect to its problem statement, methodological framework, technical components, reported results, and limitations. A thematic synthesis highlights the most effective technologies currently in use, identifies gaps in implementation—such as environmental adaptability, power limitations, and species-specific habituation—and discusses future prospects, including reinforcement learning and multi-modal integration. The review provides a vital reference for agricultural technologists, researchers, and policymakers seeking sustainable, scalable, and ethical solutions to human-wildlife conflict in agricultural settings.

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Published

2025-12-31

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Volume 1, Issue 2, December 2025

Section

Articles

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